In the 8th century CE, the revered philosopher Adi Shankaracharya embarked on a mission to rejuvenate and protect Sanatan Dharma (eternal duty) amidst a landscape of religious fragmentation and external threats. Recognizing the need for both spiritual guidance and physical defense, he established the Dashanami Sampradaya, a monastic order divided into ten branches, each dedicated to different aspects of spiritual practice. Among these were the Naga Sadhus, ascetic warriors trained to uphold and defend the faith.
The term “Naga” translates to “naked,” reflecting their practice of renunciation of worldly possessions, including clothing. These sadhus would cover their bodies with ash, symbolizing their detachment from material life and their embrace of mortality. Their matted dreadlocks and austere appearance further signified their commitment to a life of penance and spiritual discipline.
Adi Shankaracharya organized these ascetics into akharas (monastic orders), which functioned both as spiritual centers and military regiments. The primary purpose of the Naga Sadhus was to protect Hinduism from external aggressors and to preserve the sanctity of the religion during times of turmoil. They were trained in various martial arts and weaponry, serving as a formidable force against any threats to their faith.
Over the centuries, the Naga Sadhus became a prominent feature of the Kumbh Mela, a major Hindu pilgrimage and festival. Held every twelve years at four rotating locations, the Kumbh Mela attracts millions of devotees. The Naga Sadhus, with their distinctive appearance and martial displays, are among the most anticipated participants. Their processions, known as Shahi Snan (royal baths), mark the commencement of the festival’s sacred bathing rituals.
Today, while the Naga Sadhus no longer serve as a militant force, they continue to embody the spirit of renunciation and devotion. Their presence at religious gatherings like the Kumbh Mela serves as a living testament to their enduring legacy and the historical efforts to protect and preserve Sanatan Dharma.
Note to our readers:
The story of the Naga Sadhus and their origin, as established by Adi Shankaracharya, is not a traditional folktale or folklore in the usual sense. Unlike folktales, which are fictional stories passed down orally with imaginative and moral elements, or folklore, which encompasses broader cultural myths and traditions, this narrative is rooted in historical events and spiritual significance.
It tells of Adi Shankaracharya’s efforts to organize ascetic warriors to protect Sanatan Dharma, blending history, cultural symbolism, and mythology. While its presentation may feel folkloric, it is best understood as a historical and cultural legend, deeply intertwined with Hindu philosophy. This tale stands apart as a mythic origin story, reflecting the rich traditions of India’s spiritual heritage and the enduring legacy of the Naga Sadhus.
